Medical cannabis in the United States. Cannabis laws in the United States. Jurisdiction with legalized cannabis. Jurisdiction with both medical and decriminalization laws. Jurisdiction with legal psychoactive medical cannabis. Jurisdiction with legal non- psychoactive medical cannabis. Jurisdiction with decriminalized cannabis possession laws. Jurisdiction with cannabis prohibition. Includes laws which have not yet gone into effect. Marked states have only legal non- psychoactive medical cannabis. Cannabis remains a Schedule I substance under federal law as of 2. Some cities and Indian Reservations have legalization policies separate from their surrounding states. Cannabis is illegal in all federal enclaves. In the United States, the use of cannabis for medical purposes is legal in 2. Guam and Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia, as of April 2. Several other states have more restrictive laws limiting THC content, for the purpose of allowing access to products that are rich in cannabidiol (CBD), a non- psychoactive component of cannabis.[1] There is considerable variation in medical cannabis laws from state to state, including how it is produced and distributed, how it can be consumed, and what medical conditions it can be used for.[3]The first state to effectively legalize medical cannabis was California in 1. Proposition 2. 15 by a 5. Several states followed with successful ballot initiatives in 1. Hawaii became the first state to legalize by state legislature.[4] Recently, medical cannabis has expanded to the Southern United States, following the approval of ballot measures in Florida and Arkansas in 2. At the federal level, cannabis remains a prohibited substance by way of the Controlled Substances Act of 1. Under the CSA, the Drug Enforcement Administration classifies cannabis as a Schedule I drug, determined to have a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use – thus prohibiting its use for any purpose. The Justice Department has enforced this policy through various means, including criminal prosecutions, civil asset forfeiture, and paramilitary- style raids targeting medical cannabis providers, and various penalties threatened or initiated against other individuals involved in state- legal medical cannabis activities (doctors, landlords, state officials and employees).[5] In December 2. Rohrabacher–Farr amendment was signed into law, prohibiting the Justice Department from spending funds to interfere with the implementation of state medical cannabis laws.[6]Public support for allowing the medical use of cannabis has remained strong since Gallup first polled the subject in 1. A February 2. 01. Abstracts from the Fourth International Meeting of ISEV, ISEV2015, Washington, D.C., USA, 23-26 April 2015. Characteristics. While OSHA's 1986 guidelines focused on cancer chemotherapy drug safety (OSHA, 1986), OSHA's 1995 instruction enlarged the focus to include. Quinnipiac poll found national support at 9. Early medical use in the U. Powerful Video on the Corren Agreement and Parental Rights. As the government of British Columbia in the fall of 2011 negotiates with teachers, will they give. S.[edit]The medical use of cannabis dates back thousands of years, to ancient China, India, and Egypt.[4] It was popularized in Western medicine by the Irish physician William Brooke O'Shaughnessy, who was introduced to the drug in the 1. India.[9] O'Shaughnessy found a number of medical applications for cannabis from the experiments he conducted, noting in particular its analgesic and anticonvulsant effects.[1. He returned to England with a supply of cannabis in 1. Europe and the U. S.[1. 1]Cannabis was entered into the United States Pharmacopeia in 1. It was widely available in pharmacies and even grocery stores during the latter half of the 1. Cannabis was commonly sold in tincture form by Parke- Davis, Eli Lilly, E. R. Squibb & Sons, and other drug manufacturers.[1. By the end of the 1. The advent of the hypodermic syringe also allowed these drugs to be injected for immediate effect, in contrast to cannabis which is not water- soluble and therefore cannot be injected.[1. Additionally, as fears regarding the recreational use of cannabis began to take hold (prompted by sensationalist media reports and government propaganda campaigns),[1. By 1. 93. 6, every state had passed a law of this manner.[1. The use of cannabis as medicine further declined with the passage of the Marihuana Tax Act of 1. The purpose of the act was to prohibit all non- medical use of cannabis in the U. S.; however, it also had the effect of severely curtailing medical use of the drug, due to new fees and regulatory requirements put in place that imposed a significant burden on doctors prescribing cannabis.[1. For this reason the American Medical Association opposed the Marihuana Tax Act of 1. Cannabis was removed from the U. S. Pharmacopeia in 1. Harry Anslinger.[1. During the 1. 96. It was officially banned for even medical use, however, following the passage of the Controlled Substances Act in 1. Despite the strict federal prohibition in place, cannabis continued to gain renewed interest as medicine in the 1. AIDS patients who reported significant relief from the effects of chemotherapy and wasting syndrome.[1. The smoking method of consumption – popularized by recreational users of the drug – offered particular aid to patients who had trouble keeping down oral medication (without vomiting), and also offered advantages in terms of rapid onset of action and the ability to more carefully control dosages.[3]Federal policy[edit]Controlled Substances Act[edit]On October 2. Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1. President Richard Nixon. Title II of the act – the Controlled Substances Act – established a system under which all controlled substances are categorized, varying from Schedule I (the strictest classification) to Schedule V (the least strict). Cannabis was placed in the Schedule I category, assumed to have a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use – thus prohibiting its use for any purpose.[1. This placement was intended only as a temporary measure, however, pending the results of a commission formed under decree of the CSA to study the dangers of cannabis.[1. Formally known as the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, the Shafer Commission – led by former Pennsylvania governor Raymond P. Shafer – determined in its March 1. President and Congress that the societal harms caused by cannabis were limited, and recommended removal of criminal penalties for possession and distribution of small amounts of the drug.[1. Although the report did not specifically address the scheduling of cannabis,[1. Schedule I category, and members of the commission acknowledged that cannabis did not meet the Schedule I criteria.[1. This was of no consequence, however, as President Nixon strongly denounced the work of the commission, and no action was taken to move cannabis into a less restrictive category.[1. The Schedule I classification of cannabis remains in place today, alongside other drugs such as heroin, LSD, MDMA, DMT, and peyote – none of which can be prescribed. Schedule II drugs – determined to have a high potential for abuse but also some accepted medical use (thus able to be prescribed) – include cocaine, PCP, methamphetamine, oxycodone, and fentanyl.[1. Rescheduling efforts[edit]Since enactment of the Controlled Substances Act in 1. The Drug Enforcement Administration is granted authority under the CSA to change the classification of any drug, based upon the recommendation of the Food and Drug Administration which evaluates all drugs for safety and efficacy.[3] As recently as 2. FDA has determined that cannabis has "no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States", in response to a petition filed with the DEA in 2. Washington and Rhode Island.[2. Other attempts to petition the DEA have also been unsuccessful, spanning the years 1. Congressional attempts to reschedule have failed as well, including a 1. Reps. Stewart Mc. Kinney and Newt Gingrich that grew to 8. The classification of cannabis as a Schedule I drug was first challenged by the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) in a 1. Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (which was merged with other agencies to form the DEA in 1. After a decade of legal battles in which the DEA refused to consider the petition, public hearings were finally held on the matter beginning in 1. In September 1. 98. DEA chief administrative law judge Francis L.
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